{"id":99,"date":"2025-09-10T17:03:24","date_gmt":"2025-09-10T17:03:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/professionalandtechnicalcommunication\/chapter\/cultural-characteristics-and-communication-4-6\/"},"modified":"2026-03-16T14:19:27","modified_gmt":"2026-03-16T14:19:27","slug":"cultural-characteristics-and-communication-4-6","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/professionalandtechnicalcommunication\/chapter\/cultural-characteristics-and-communication-4-6\/","title":{"raw":"4.6 Cultural Characteristics and Communication","rendered":"4.6 Cultural Characteristics and Communication"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"cultural-characteristics-and-communication-4.6\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">An important researcher in culture is Geert Hofstede. Starting in the 1970s, Geert became interested in how people from different cultures approach work. His interests ultimately culminated in his 1980 publication\u00a0Culture\u2019s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values\u00a0where he explained some basic cultural differences.\u00a0Over the years, Geert has fine-tuned his theory of culture, and the most recent update to his theory occurred in 2010. In Geert\u2019s research examining thousands of workers from around the globe, he has noticed a series of six cultural differences: low vs. high power distance, individualism vs. collectivism, long-term vs. short-term time orientation, low vs. high uncertainty avoidance, masculinity vs. femininity, and indulgence vs. restraint. In addition, we also examine low-context versus high-context communication.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">It is important to note these differences, also referred to as \u201cvalues\u201d exist on a continuum and are \u201call present, to a greater or lesser extent, in all societies\u201d (Martin &amp; Nakayama, 2018, p. 106). In other words, these values are present on a spectrum rather than being just one or the other.<\/p>\nThis section is adapted from <a class=\"rId46\" href=\"https:\/\/milnepublishing.geneseo.edu\/interpersonalcommunication\/chapter\/6\/\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Cultural Cha<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">racteristics and Communication <\/span><\/a>in Interpersonal Communication\u00a0Copyright \u00a9 by\u00a0Jason S. Wrench; Narissra M. Punyanunt-Carter; and Katherine S. Thweatt available at <a class=\"rId47\" href=\"https:\/\/milnepublishing.geneseo.edu\/interpersonalcommunication\/\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Interpersonal Communication \u2013 Simple Book Publishing<\/span><\/a>\u00a0licensed under a\u00a0<a class=\"rId48\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<\/span><\/a>, except where otherwise noted.\n\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"cultural-characteristics-and-communication-4.6\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">An important researcher in culture is Geert Hofstede. Starting in the 1970s, Geert became interested in how people from different cultures approach work. His interests ultimately culminated in his 1980 publication\u00a0Culture\u2019s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values\u00a0where he explained some basic cultural differences.\u00a0Over the years, Geert has fine-tuned his theory of culture, and the most recent update to his theory occurred in 2010. In Geert\u2019s research examining thousands of workers from around the globe, he has noticed a series of six cultural differences: low vs. high power distance, individualism vs. collectivism, long-term vs. short-term time orientation, low vs. high uncertainty avoidance, masculinity vs. femininity, and indulgence vs. restraint. In addition, we also examine low-context versus high-context communication.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">It is important to note these differences, also referred to as \u201cvalues\u201d exist on a continuum and are \u201call present, to a greater or lesser extent, in all societies\u201d (Martin &amp; Nakayama, 2018, p. 106). In other words, these values are present on a spectrum rather than being just one or the other.<\/p>\n<p>This section is adapted from <a class=\"rId46\" href=\"https:\/\/milnepublishing.geneseo.edu\/interpersonalcommunication\/chapter\/6\/\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Cultural Cha<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">racteristics and Communication <\/span><\/a>in Interpersonal Communication\u00a0Copyright \u00a9 by\u00a0Jason S. Wrench; Narissra M. Punyanunt-Carter; and Katherine S. Thweatt available at <a class=\"rId47\" href=\"https:\/\/milnepublishing.geneseo.edu\/interpersonalcommunication\/\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Interpersonal Communication \u2013 Simple Book Publishing<\/span><\/a>\u00a0licensed under a\u00a0<a class=\"rId48\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<\/span><\/a>, except where otherwise noted.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-99","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":88,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/professionalandtechnicalcommunication\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/99","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/professionalandtechnicalcommunication\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/professionalandtechnicalcommunication\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/professionalandtechnicalcommunication\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/professionalandtechnicalcommunication\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/99\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":100,"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/professionalandtechnicalcommunication\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/99\/revisions\/100"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/professionalandtechnicalcommunication\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/88"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/professionalandtechnicalcommunication\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/99\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/professionalandtechnicalcommunication\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=99"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/professionalandtechnicalcommunication\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=99"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/professionalandtechnicalcommunication\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=99"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/professionalandtechnicalcommunication\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=99"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}