{"id":114,"date":"2025-09-10T17:03:26","date_gmt":"2025-09-10T17:03:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/professionalandtechnicalcommunication\/chapter\/high-context-vs-low-context-cultures-4-13\/"},"modified":"2026-03-16T14:19:29","modified_gmt":"2026-03-16T14:19:29","slug":"high-context-vs-low-context-cultures-4-13","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/professionalandtechnicalcommunication\/chapter\/high-context-vs-low-context-cultures-4-13\/","title":{"raw":"4.13 High context vs low context cultures","rendered":"4.13 High context vs low context cultures"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"high-context-vs-low-context-cultures-4.13\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Edward Hall coined the terms \u201clow-context culture\u201d (LCC) and \u201chigh-context culture\u201d (HCC) to describe how communication styles differ across cultures. In essence, \u201cin LCC, meaning is expressed through explicit verbal messages, both written and oral. In HCC, on the other hand, intention or meaning can best be conveyed through implicit contexts, including gestures, social customs, silence, nuance, or tone of voice\u201d (Nam, 2015, p. 378). \u00a0Table 4.1 explores the differences between low-context and high-context cultures across three general categories: communication, cultural orientation, and business. Figure 4.1 below illustrates some of the low and high context cultures (Rosch &amp; Segler, 1987).<\/p>\n\n\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1430\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2025\/09\/image1.jpeg\" alt=\"A spectrum scaling multiple countries from low to high context cultures.\" width=\"1430\" height=\"284\"> Figure 4.1 Low-Context vs. High-Context Cultures[\/caption]\n<table class=\"alignleft\" style=\"width: 100%; height: auto;\" border=\"1pt solid rgb(35, 31, 32)\" cellpadding=\"0px 0pt\"><caption>Table 4.1 Differences between Low-Content and High-Context Cultures<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"height: 20.15pt;\">\n<th class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt;\"><strong>Categories<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\"><strong>Low-<\/strong><strong>Context<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt; margin-right: -13.5pt;\"><strong>High-<\/strong><strong>Context<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 688.5px;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\"><strong>Communication<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 46px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">Type of Communication<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 46px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">Explicit Communication<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 46px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\">Implicit Communication<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 31.5pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 46px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">Communication Focus<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 46px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">Focus on Verbal Communication<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 46px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\">Focus on Nonverbal Communication<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">Context of Message<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">Less Meaningful<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\">Very Meaningful<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">Politeness<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">Not Important<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\">Very Important<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">Approach to People<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">Direct and Confrontational<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\">Indirect and Polite<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 688.5px;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\"><strong>Cultural Orientation<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">Emotions<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">No Room for Emotions<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\">Emotions Have Importance<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">Approach to Time<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">Monochromatic<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\">Polychromatic<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">Time Orientation<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">Present-Future<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\">Past<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 31.5pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 60px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">In\/Out-Groups<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 60px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">Flexible and Transient Grouping Patterns<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 60px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt; margin-right: 3.25pt;\">Strong Distinctions Between In<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt; margin-right: 3.25pt;\">and Out-Groups<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">Identity<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">Based on Individual<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\">Based on Social System<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">Values<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">Independence and Freedom<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\">Tradition and Social Rules\/Norms<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\"><strong>Business<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\"><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\"><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">Work Style<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">Individualistic<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\">Team-Oriented<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">Work Approach<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">Task-Oriented<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\">Relationship-Oriented<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">Business Approach<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">Competitive<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\">Cooperative<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">Learning<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">Knowledge is Transferable<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\">Knowledge is Situational<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">Sales Orientation<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">Hard Sell<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\">Soft Sell<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">View of Change<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">Change over Tradition<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\">Tradition over Change<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Figure 4.1 is derived from <a class=\"rId40\" href=\"https:\/\/milnepublishing.geneseo.edu\/interpersonalcommunication\/chapter\/6\/\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Cultural Characteristics and Communication <\/span><\/a>in Interpersonal Communication\u00a0Copyright \u00a9 by\u00a0Jason S. Wrench; Narissra M. Punyanunt-Carter; and Katherine S. Thweatt available at <a class=\"rId41\" href=\"https:\/\/milnepublishing.geneseo.edu\/interpersonalcommunication\/\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Interpersonal Communication \u2013 Simple Book Publishing<\/span><\/a>\u00a0licensed under a\u00a0<a class=\"rId42\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<\/span><\/a>, except where otherwise noted.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Table 4.1 is adapted from <a class=\"rId43\" href=\"https:\/\/milnepublishing.geneseo.edu\/interpersonalcommunication\/chapter\/6\/\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Cultural Characteristics and Communication <\/span><\/a>in Interpersonal Communication\u00a0Copyright \u00a9 by\u00a0Jason S. Wrench; Narissra M. Punyanunt-Carter; and Katherine S. Thweatt available at <a class=\"rId44\" href=\"https:\/\/milnepublishing.geneseo.edu\/interpersonalcommunication\/\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Interpersonal Communication \u2013 Simple Book Publishing<\/span><\/a>\u00a0licensed under a\u00a0<a class=\"rId45\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<\/span><\/a>, except where otherwise noted.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">This section is adapted from <a class=\"rId46\" href=\"https:\/\/milnepublishing.geneseo.edu\/interpersonalcommunication\/chapter\/6\/\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Cultural Cha<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">racteristics and Communication <\/span><\/a>in Interpersonal Communication\u00a0Copyright \u00a9 by\u00a0Jason S. Wrench; Narissra M. Punyanunt-Carter; and Katherine S. Thweatt available at <a class=\"rId47\" href=\"https:\/\/milnepublishing.geneseo.edu\/interpersonalcommunication\/\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Interpersonal Communication \u2013 Simple Book Publishing<\/span><\/a>\u00a0licensed under a\u00a0<a class=\"rId48\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<\/span><\/a>, except where otherwise noted.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><\/p>\n\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"high-context-vs-low-context-cultures-4.13\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Edward Hall coined the terms \u201clow-context culture\u201d (LCC) and \u201chigh-context culture\u201d (HCC) to describe how communication styles differ across cultures. In essence, \u201cin LCC, meaning is expressed through explicit verbal messages, both written and oral. In HCC, on the other hand, intention or meaning can best be conveyed through implicit contexts, including gestures, social customs, silence, nuance, or tone of voice\u201d (Nam, 2015, p. 378). \u00a0Table 4.1 explores the differences between low-context and high-context cultures across three general categories: communication, cultural orientation, and business. Figure 4.1 below illustrates some of the low and high context cultures (Rosch &amp; Segler, 1987).<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 1430px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2025\/09\/image1.jpeg\" alt=\"A spectrum scaling multiple countries from low to high context cultures.\" width=\"1430\" height=\"284\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 4.1 Low-Context vs. High-Context Cultures<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<table class=\"alignleft\" style=\"width: 100%; height: auto;\" cellpadding=\"0px 0pt\">\n<caption>Table 4.1 Differences between Low-Content and High-Context Cultures<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"height: 20.15pt;\">\n<th class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt;\"><strong>Categories<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\"><strong>Low-<\/strong><strong>Context<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt; margin-right: -13.5pt;\"><strong>High-<\/strong><strong>Context<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 688.5px;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\"><strong>Communication<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 46px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">Type of Communication<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 46px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">Explicit Communication<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 46px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\">Implicit Communication<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 31.5pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 46px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">Communication Focus<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 46px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">Focus on Verbal Communication<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 46px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\">Focus on Nonverbal Communication<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">Context of Message<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">Less Meaningful<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\">Very Meaningful<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">Politeness<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">Not Important<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\">Very Important<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">Approach to People<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">Direct and Confrontational<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\">Indirect and Polite<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 688.5px;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\"><strong>Cultural Orientation<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">Emotions<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">No Room for Emotions<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\">Emotions Have Importance<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">Approach to Time<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">Monochromatic<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\">Polychromatic<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">Time Orientation<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">Present-Future<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\">Past<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 31.5pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 60px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">In\/Out-Groups<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 60px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">Flexible and Transient Grouping Patterns<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 60px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt; margin-right: 3.25pt;\">Strong Distinctions Between In<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt; margin-right: 3.25pt;\">and Out-Groups<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">Identity<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">Based on Individual<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\">Based on Social System<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">Values<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">Independence and Freedom<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\">Tradition and Social Rules\/Norms<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\"><strong>Business<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\">\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">Work Style<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">Individualistic<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\">Team-Oriented<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">Work Approach<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">Task-Oriented<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\">Relationship-Oriented<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">Business Approach<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">Competitive<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\">Cooperative<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">Learning<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">Knowledge is Transferable<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\">Knowledge is Situational<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">Sales Orientation<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">Hard Sell<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\">Soft Sell<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"TableNormal-R\" style=\"height: 15.9pt;\">\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 183.906px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 20.5pt;\">View of Change<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 265.812px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 4pt;\">Change over Tradition<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"TableNormal-C\" style=\"padding: 0px 0pt; border: 1pt solid #231f20; height: 30px; width: 236.781px;\">\n<p class=\"import-TableParagraph\" style=\"margin-left: 3.95pt;\">Tradition over Change<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Figure 4.1 is derived from <a class=\"rId40\" href=\"https:\/\/milnepublishing.geneseo.edu\/interpersonalcommunication\/chapter\/6\/\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Cultural Characteristics and Communication <\/span><\/a>in Interpersonal Communication\u00a0Copyright \u00a9 by\u00a0Jason S. Wrench; Narissra M. Punyanunt-Carter; and Katherine S. Thweatt available at <a class=\"rId41\" href=\"https:\/\/milnepublishing.geneseo.edu\/interpersonalcommunication\/\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Interpersonal Communication \u2013 Simple Book Publishing<\/span><\/a>\u00a0licensed under a\u00a0<a class=\"rId42\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<\/span><\/a>, except where otherwise noted.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Table 4.1 is adapted from <a class=\"rId43\" href=\"https:\/\/milnepublishing.geneseo.edu\/interpersonalcommunication\/chapter\/6\/\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Cultural Characteristics and Communication <\/span><\/a>in Interpersonal Communication\u00a0Copyright \u00a9 by\u00a0Jason S. Wrench; Narissra M. Punyanunt-Carter; and Katherine S. Thweatt available at <a class=\"rId44\" href=\"https:\/\/milnepublishing.geneseo.edu\/interpersonalcommunication\/\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Interpersonal Communication \u2013 Simple Book Publishing<\/span><\/a>\u00a0licensed under a\u00a0<a class=\"rId45\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<\/span><\/a>, except where otherwise noted.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">This section is adapted from <a class=\"rId46\" href=\"https:\/\/milnepublishing.geneseo.edu\/interpersonalcommunication\/chapter\/6\/\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Cultural Cha<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">racteristics and Communication <\/span><\/a>in Interpersonal Communication\u00a0Copyright \u00a9 by\u00a0Jason S. Wrench; Narissra M. Punyanunt-Carter; and Katherine S. Thweatt available at <a class=\"rId47\" href=\"https:\/\/milnepublishing.geneseo.edu\/interpersonalcommunication\/\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Interpersonal Communication \u2013 Simple Book Publishing<\/span><\/a>\u00a0licensed under a\u00a0<a class=\"rId48\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<\/span><\/a>, except where otherwise noted.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":13,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-114","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":88,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/professionalandtechnicalcommunication\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/114","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/professionalandtechnicalcommunication\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/professionalandtechnicalcommunication\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/professionalandtechnicalcommunication\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/professionalandtechnicalcommunication\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/114\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":115,"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/professionalandtechnicalcommunication\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/114\/revisions\/115"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/professionalandtechnicalcommunication\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/88"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/professionalandtechnicalcommunication\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/114\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/professionalandtechnicalcommunication\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=114"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/professionalandtechnicalcommunication\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=114"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/professionalandtechnicalcommunication\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=114"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/professionalandtechnicalcommunication\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=114"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}