{"id":110,"date":"2024-12-12T05:40:14","date_gmt":"2024-12-12T05:40:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/fundamentalsoffoundationengineering\/chapter\/2-1-introduction-to-part-2\/"},"modified":"2026-03-16T13:54:17","modified_gmt":"2026-03-16T13:54:17","slug":"2-1-introduction-to-part-2","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/fundamentalsoffoundationengineering\/chapter\/2-1-introduction-to-part-2\/","title":{"raw":"2.1 Introduction to Part 2","rendered":"2.1 Introduction to Part 2"},"content":{"raw":"<em>Geoenvironmental Engineering<\/em> refers to the application of geotechnical engineering technologies for protecting the <em>geoenvironment <\/em>from contamination due to human activities or natural processes (<a href=\"https:\/\/oercollective.caul.edu.au\/app\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2024\/12\/2.1-replace-e1747988885687.png\">Figure 2.1<\/a>). The term <em>geoenvironment <\/em>includes the topsoil, subsoil and groundwater. Air and surface water pollution is a subject of other environmental sciences.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_109\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-107 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/12\/2.1-replace-e1747988885687.png\" alt=\"Illustration depicting the groundwater contamination process, showing surface soil, an aquifer, and the migration of contaminants from the surface soil towards a well through the aquifer.\" width=\"900\" height=\"443\"> Figure 2.1. Outline of the soil and groundwater contamination problem.[\/caption]\n\nGeoenvironmental Engineering deals not only with the protection of the geoenvironment from pollution, but also with the preservation of its quality e.g., protection of groundwater from overexploitation and salination (<a href=\"https:\/\/oercollective.caul.edu.au\/app\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2024\/12\/2.2-replace-e1747988940757.png\">Figure 2.2<\/a>).\n\nGeoenvironmental Engineering is about offering solutions to complex problems encountered by the waste management and environment restoration industry, and involves experts spanning multiple disciplines such as Geotechnical Engineers, Environmental Engineers, Chemical Engineers, Geologists, Chemists, Microbiologists, Soil scientists etc.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_109\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"400\"]<img class=\"wp-image-108 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/03\/2.2-replace-e1747988940757.png\" alt=\"Close-up photograph of the lower part of a fence post, and surrounding soil and vegetation, covered in white salt.\" width=\"400\" height=\"271\"> Figure 2.2. Salt-affected soils (US Department of Agriculture, <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Salinity.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">via Wikimedia Commons<\/a>, marked as public domain).[\/caption]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_109\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"900\"]<img class=\"wp-image-109 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/03\/2.3-replace-e1747988995605.png\" alt=\"Similar illustration to Figure 2.1, now showing a vertical barrier reaching from the surface soil to the bottom of the aquifer, blocking contaminants from reaching the well.\" width=\"900\" height=\"427\"> Figure 2.3. Remediation measures to mitigate soil and groundwater contamination.[\/caption]\n\nSome of the specific tasks that fall under the scope of Geoenvironmental Engineering include:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Measuring of contaminant concentration in soil.<\/li>\n \t<li>Implementing measures to constrain contaminant diffusion (see <a href=\"https:\/\/oercollective.caul.edu.au\/app\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2024\/12\/2.3-replace-e1747988995605.png\">Figure 2.3<\/a>).<\/li>\n \t<li>Techniques for extraction of polluting agents.<\/li>\n \t<li>Measuring quality deterioration in groundwater and implementation of mitigation measures.<\/li>\n \t<li>Minimising environmental impact of large engineering projects.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nThe above tasks are formulated as a <em>geoenvironmental study<\/em>, which consists of the following parts:\n<ol>\n \t<li>Identification of human activities or natural processes that may result in geoenvironment contamination. May refer to planned or existing engineering projects.<\/li>\n \t<li><em> In situ <\/em>and laboratory testing and interpretation of results, for determining the extent of contamination, and its evolution with time.<\/li>\n \t<li>Design and construction of engineering solutions to mitigate contamination effects, which may include:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>Design of hazardous waste repositories.<\/li>\n \t<li>Implementation of monitoring systems to measure pollutant concentrations.<\/li>\n \t<li>Extraction of pollutants from the subsoil or groundwater.<\/li>\n \t<li>Design of containment measures e.g., slurry walls, grouting, sheet piling, electrokinetic barriers, ground freezing (<a href=\"https:\/\/oercollective.caul.edu.au\/app\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2024\/12\/2.3-replace-e1747988995605.png\">Figure 2.3<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n \t<li>Risk assessment and risk management.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\nIn this Part, emphasis is put on providing a brief overview of geotechnical aspects of geoenvironmental engineering, and more specifically on the use of geotechnical methods for containment of pollution, and extraction of polluting agents to mitigate contamination effects. Part 2 concludes with a demonstration of the use of simple numerical methods to support the design of containment facilities.","rendered":"<p><em>Geoenvironmental Engineering<\/em> refers to the application of geotechnical engineering technologies for protecting the <em>geoenvironment <\/em>from contamination due to human activities or natural processes (<a href=\"https:\/\/oercollective.caul.edu.au\/app\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2024\/12\/2.1-replace-e1747988885687.png\">Figure 2.1<\/a>). The term <em>geoenvironment <\/em>includes the topsoil, subsoil and groundwater. Air and surface water pollution is a subject of other environmental sciences.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_109\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-109\" style=\"width: 900px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-107 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/12\/2.1-replace-e1747988885687.png\" alt=\"Illustration depicting the groundwater contamination process, showing surface soil, an aquifer, and the migration of contaminants from the surface soil towards a well through the aquifer.\" width=\"900\" height=\"443\" srcset=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/fundamentalsoffoundationengineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/12\/2.1-replace-e1747988885687.png 900w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/fundamentalsoffoundationengineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/12\/2.1-replace-e1747988885687-300x148.png 300w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/fundamentalsoffoundationengineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/12\/2.1-replace-e1747988885687-768x378.png 768w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/fundamentalsoffoundationengineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/12\/2.1-replace-e1747988885687-65x32.png 65w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/fundamentalsoffoundationengineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/12\/2.1-replace-e1747988885687-225x111.png 225w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/fundamentalsoffoundationengineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/12\/2.1-replace-e1747988885687-350x172.png 350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-109\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2.1. Outline of the soil and groundwater contamination problem.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Geoenvironmental Engineering deals not only with the protection of the geoenvironment from pollution, but also with the preservation of its quality e.g., protection of groundwater from overexploitation and salination (<a href=\"https:\/\/oercollective.caul.edu.au\/app\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2024\/12\/2.2-replace-e1747988940757.png\">Figure 2.2<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>Geoenvironmental Engineering is about offering solutions to complex problems encountered by the waste management and environment restoration industry, and involves experts spanning multiple disciplines such as Geotechnical Engineers, Environmental Engineers, Chemical Engineers, Geologists, Chemists, Microbiologists, Soil scientists etc.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_109\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-109\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-108 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/03\/2.2-replace-e1747988940757.png\" alt=\"Close-up photograph of the lower part of a fence post, and surrounding soil and vegetation, covered in white salt.\" width=\"400\" height=\"271\" srcset=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/fundamentalsoffoundationengineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/03\/2.2-replace-e1747988940757.png 400w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/fundamentalsoffoundationengineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/03\/2.2-replace-e1747988940757-300x203.png 300w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/fundamentalsoffoundationengineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/03\/2.2-replace-e1747988940757-65x44.png 65w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/fundamentalsoffoundationengineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/03\/2.2-replace-e1747988940757-225x152.png 225w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/fundamentalsoffoundationengineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/03\/2.2-replace-e1747988940757-350x237.png 350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-109\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2.2. Salt-affected soils (US Department of Agriculture, <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Salinity.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">via Wikimedia Commons<\/a>, marked as public domain).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_109\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-109\" style=\"width: 900px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-109 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/03\/2.3-replace-e1747988995605.png\" alt=\"Similar illustration to Figure 2.1, now showing a vertical barrier reaching from the surface soil to the bottom of the aquifer, blocking contaminants from reaching the well.\" width=\"900\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/fundamentalsoffoundationengineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/03\/2.3-replace-e1747988995605.png 900w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/fundamentalsoffoundationengineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/03\/2.3-replace-e1747988995605-300x142.png 300w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/fundamentalsoffoundationengineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/03\/2.3-replace-e1747988995605-768x364.png 768w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/fundamentalsoffoundationengineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/03\/2.3-replace-e1747988995605-65x31.png 65w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/fundamentalsoffoundationengineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/03\/2.3-replace-e1747988995605-225x107.png 225w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/fundamentalsoffoundationengineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/03\/2.3-replace-e1747988995605-350x166.png 350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-109\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2.3. Remediation measures to mitigate soil and groundwater contamination.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Some of the specific tasks that fall under the scope of Geoenvironmental Engineering include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Measuring of contaminant concentration in soil.<\/li>\n<li>Implementing measures to constrain contaminant diffusion (see <a href=\"https:\/\/oercollective.caul.edu.au\/app\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2024\/12\/2.3-replace-e1747988995605.png\">Figure 2.3<\/a>).<\/li>\n<li>Techniques for extraction of polluting agents.<\/li>\n<li>Measuring quality deterioration in groundwater and implementation of mitigation measures.<\/li>\n<li>Minimising environmental impact of large engineering projects.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The above tasks are formulated as a <em>geoenvironmental study<\/em>, which consists of the following parts:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Identification of human activities or natural processes that may result in geoenvironment contamination. May refer to planned or existing engineering projects.<\/li>\n<li><em> In situ <\/em>and laboratory testing and interpretation of results, for determining the extent of contamination, and its evolution with time.<\/li>\n<li>Design and construction of engineering solutions to mitigate contamination effects, which may include:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Design of hazardous waste repositories.<\/li>\n<li>Implementation of monitoring systems to measure pollutant concentrations.<\/li>\n<li>Extraction of pollutants from the subsoil or groundwater.<\/li>\n<li>Design of containment measures e.g., slurry walls, grouting, sheet piling, electrokinetic barriers, ground freezing (<a href=\"https:\/\/oercollective.caul.edu.au\/app\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2024\/12\/2.3-replace-e1747988995605.png\">Figure 2.3<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>Risk assessment and risk management.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>In this Part, emphasis is put on providing a brief overview of geotechnical aspects of geoenvironmental engineering, and more specifically on the use of geotechnical methods for containment of pollution, and extraction of polluting agents to mitigate contamination effects. Part 2 concludes with a demonstration of the use of simple numerical methods to support the design of containment facilities.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"","pb_short_title":"2.1 Introduction to Part 2","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-110","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":106,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/fundamentalsoffoundationengineering\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/110","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/fundamentalsoffoundationengineering\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/fundamentalsoffoundationengineering\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/fundamentalsoffoundationengineering\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/fundamentalsoffoundationengineering\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/110\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":111,"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/fundamentalsoffoundationengineering\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/110\/revisions\/111"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/fundamentalsoffoundationengineering\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/106"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/fundamentalsoffoundationengineering\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/110\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/fundamentalsoffoundationengineering\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=110"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/fundamentalsoffoundationengineering\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=110"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/fundamentalsoffoundationengineering\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=110"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/fundamentalsoffoundationengineering\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=110"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}