{"id":112,"date":"2024-07-29T22:40:11","date_gmt":"2024-07-29T22:40:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/engineeringcapstone\/chapter\/module-vi-experimentation\/"},"modified":"2026-03-16T13:38:18","modified_gmt":"2026-03-16T13:38:18","slug":"module-vi-experimentation","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/engineeringcapstone\/chapter\/module-vi-experimentation\/","title":{"raw":"Module VI: Experimentation","rendered":"Module VI: Experimentation"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>ABET Student Outcomes<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<em><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">ENGR Student Outcome 6: an ability to develop and conduct appropriate experimentation, analyze and interpret data, and use engineering judgment to draw conclusions<\/span><\/em>\n\n<em><span style=\"font-size: 1em; text-align: initial;\">ET Student Outcome 4: an ability to conduct standard tests, measurements, and experiments and to analyze and interpret the results to improve processes\u00a0<\/span><\/em>\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n\n<strong>Testing and analysis<\/strong> prove if a prototype or product meets the design constraints and lives up to its name.\u00a0 A finished build is not a finished product - one can't know a design is good unless its tested!\u00a0 This module covers best practices for prototype testing: data collection and analysis of results.\n\n<\/div>\n<h1>VI.1) Data Collection and Testing<\/h1>\n<h2>Information<\/h2>\nHow does an engineer know if a system works as it should?\u00a0 How does an engineer know if a system meets the design requirements?\u00a0 He must test it!\u00a0 Quantitative testing is done through an organized procedure of data collection and statistical analysis.\u00a0 These statistics help the engineer to m<span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">ake decisions\u200b, s<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">olve problems\u200b, and d<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">esign (or redesign) products and processes.\u00a0 The first part of the testing process is data collection, explained in the slide deck below.<\/span>\n\n<a href=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2024\/07\/Data-Collection-and-Analysis-Protocol-in-Engineering.pptx\" rel=\"noopener\">Data Collection and Analysis Protocol in Engineering<\/a> slide deck\n\nExamples of test procedure \/ data collection forms are below:\n<ul>\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/03\/Example-Test-Procedure-1.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\">Example Test Procedure 1<\/a><\/li>\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/03\/Example-Test-Procedure-2.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\">Example Test Procedure 2<\/a><\/li>\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/03\/Example-Test-Procedure-3.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\">Example Test Procedure 3<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Activity<\/h2>\nWrite a procedure for testing one aspect of your system or subsystems, following the examples above.\u00a0 (Each team member should write one for testing a different subsystem.)\u00a0 The document should include:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Name of test and system\/subsystem<\/li>\n \t<li>Required equipment<\/li>\n \t<li>Required personnel<\/li>\n \t<li>Objective<\/li>\n \t<li>Safety procedures<\/li>\n \t<li>Step-by-step test procedure in checklist form<\/li>\n \t<li>Photo of testing setup if applicable<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nThe level of detail should be such that any competent classmate, engineer, or technician could perform the test and collect the data according to protocol without your help.\n<h1>VI.2) Results and Analysis<\/h1>\n<h2>Information<\/h2>\nOnce the testing data is collected, it needs to be analyzed in an organized fashion.\u00a0 Ideally, the results prove that the prototype meets the project design constraints both qualitatively and quantitatively.\u00a0 <em><span class=\"TextRun SCXW128568113 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW128568113 BCX0\">Qualitative<\/span><\/span><\/em><span class=\"TextRun SCXW128568113 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW128568113 BCX0\"> pertains to the quality of results; i.e., how well does the prototype work (excellently, okay, poorly, etc.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW128568113 BCX0\">)\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><em><span class=\"TextRun SCXW128568113 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW128568113 BCX0\">Quantitative<\/span><\/span><\/em><span class=\"TextRun SCXW128568113 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW128568113 BCX0\"> numerically <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW128568113 BCX0\">characterize<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW128568113 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW128568113 BCX0\"> performance in terms of accuracy, repeatability, and anything else relevant<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW128568113 BCX0\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW128568113 BCX0\">\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW128568113 BCX0\">It measures and reports actual numbers in table or graph form, analyzes those statistically (average, standard deviation, etc.), and compares them to the calculated\/predicted\/goal values<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW128568113 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span>\n\nDifferent methods of statistical analysis are appropriate for different types and quantities of data.\u00a0 Common methods are:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Two-sample hypothesis testing<\/li>\n \t<li>ANOVA<\/li>\n \t<li>Regression Analysis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nThis <a href=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/03\/Statistical-Analysis-Methods.pptx\" rel=\"noopener\">Statistical Analysis Methods<\/a> slide deck explains the steps and examples to conduct each type of analysis.\n\nAfter the data is collected and analyzed, it should be displayed in a manner that is easy for everyone involved to interpret.\u00a0 This includes engineers, managers, and customers.\u00a0 Charts and graphs are the most preferable method of visualization, but plots and tables can also be used depending on the type of data.\u00a0 This slide deck on <a href=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/03\/Creating-Data-Summary-and-Data-Visualization.pptx\" rel=\"noopener\">Creating Data Summary and Data Visualization<\/a> provides recommendations and best practices for data display.\n\n<span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">If the prototype does not meet or surpass the design requirements, a new iteration of the design cycle is required.\u00a0 If performance falls just barely short, only minor revisions are necessary, so tweak the prototype to improve performance.\u00a0 If the prototype breaks during testing, or proves inaccurate, unreliable, or woefully short of the design requirements, major revisions are necessary, so go back to the drawing board, redesign, rebuild, and retest.<\/span>\n\nBelow are examples of results and analysis for prototypes that neared or exceeded all design requirements:\n<ul>\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/03\/Testing-and-Analysis-example-Robotic-Lawn-Mower.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\">Testing and Analysis Example - Robotic Lawn Mower<\/a><\/li>\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/03\/Testing-and-Analysis-Example-Rubiks-Cube.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\">Testing and Analysis Example - Rubik's Cube<\/a><\/li>\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/03\/Testing-and-Analysis-Example-Voice-Ctrl-Toolchest.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\">Testing and Analysis Example - Voice Ctrl Toolchest<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Activity<\/h2>\nAfter testing your prototype according to the testing procedures your team developed in the section VI.1 activity, analyze the results using appropriate methods as described above, and catalog them in the worksheet below.\u00a0 <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW232061984 BCX0\">All design constraints can be evaluated <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW232061984 BCX0\">qualitatively, and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW232061984 BCX0\"> choose 3-5 aspects of your system\u2019s performance to evaluate quantitatively as well.<\/span>\n\n<a href=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/03\/Testing-and-Analysis-Worksheet.docx\" rel=\"noopener\">Testing and Analysis Worksheet<\/a>\n<h1>VI.3) Time Studies<\/h1>\n<h2>Information<\/h2>\nA time study is a cycle time analysis done for a task in order to identify minimum possible times and improve the efficiency of the process.\u00a0 Each process can be broken down into sub-tasks, videoed, and timed.\u00a0 This is done for several repetitions (sometimes with different people or machines depending on what activities are involved in the process), and the times calculated for each sub-task.\u00a0 Then areas for improvement can be identified and corrected in order to optimize overall cycle time.\n\nThe slide deck <a href=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/03\/Time-Studies-Slides.pptx\" rel=\"noopener\">Time Studies Slides<\/a> can be used by instructors to provide an overview of time studies and a guided class activity.\n\nThis <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=O77elB7-CYE\" rel=\"noopener\">Time and Motion Studies video<\/a> by Beginning Engineers explains the basics of conducting a time study:\n\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=O77elB7-CYE[\/embed]\n\nTheir next video, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jDaa1HZQQZg\" rel=\"noopener\">Time Study Examples<\/a>, provides multiple examples of breaking down a process and conducting time studies:\n\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jDaa1HZQQZg[\/embed]\n<h2>Activity<\/h2>\nFollowing the procedures explained above, perform a time study for your project.\u00a0 First, break your system's process down into sub-tasks using the process flow diagram you developed in Ch. 2.\u00a0 Create a form for recording time data by trial and sub-task as shown in the examples above.\u00a0 Then test your system for multiple full cycles, while videoing.\u00a0 Re-watch the videos and note times for each sub-task, then identify areas to optimize.\u00a0 How can you make your system faster or more efficient?\u00a0 Can any superfluous motions be eliminated?\u00a0 Can any speeds be increased without sacrificing accuracy?","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>ABET Student Outcomes<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">ENGR Student Outcome 6: an ability to develop and conduct appropriate experimentation, analyze and interpret data, and use engineering judgment to draw conclusions<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-size: 1em; text-align: initial;\">ET Student Outcome 4: an ability to conduct standard tests, measurements, and experiments and to analyze and interpret the results to improve processes\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Testing and analysis<\/strong> prove if a prototype or product meets the design constraints and lives up to its name.\u00a0 A finished build is not a finished product &#8211; one can&#8217;t know a design is good unless its tested!\u00a0 This module covers best practices for prototype testing: data collection and analysis of results.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h1>VI.1) Data Collection and Testing<\/h1>\n<h2>Information<\/h2>\n<p>How does an engineer know if a system works as it should?\u00a0 How does an engineer know if a system meets the design requirements?\u00a0 He must test it!\u00a0 Quantitative testing is done through an organized procedure of data collection and statistical analysis.\u00a0 These statistics help the engineer to m<span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">ake decisions\u200b, s<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">olve problems\u200b, and d<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">esign (or redesign) products and processes.\u00a0 The first part of the testing process is data collection, explained in the slide deck below.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2024\/07\/Data-Collection-and-Analysis-Protocol-in-Engineering.pptx\" rel=\"noopener\">Data Collection and Analysis Protocol in Engineering<\/a> slide deck<\/p>\n<p>Examples of test procedure \/ data collection forms are below:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/03\/Example-Test-Procedure-1.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\">Example Test Procedure 1<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/03\/Example-Test-Procedure-2.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\">Example Test Procedure 2<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/03\/Example-Test-Procedure-3.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\">Example Test Procedure 3<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Activity<\/h2>\n<p>Write a procedure for testing one aspect of your system or subsystems, following the examples above.\u00a0 (Each team member should write one for testing a different subsystem.)\u00a0 The document should include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Name of test and system\/subsystem<\/li>\n<li>Required equipment<\/li>\n<li>Required personnel<\/li>\n<li>Objective<\/li>\n<li>Safety procedures<\/li>\n<li>Step-by-step test procedure in checklist form<\/li>\n<li>Photo of testing setup if applicable<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The level of detail should be such that any competent classmate, engineer, or technician could perform the test and collect the data according to protocol without your help.<\/p>\n<h1>VI.2) Results and Analysis<\/h1>\n<h2>Information<\/h2>\n<p>Once the testing data is collected, it needs to be analyzed in an organized fashion.\u00a0 Ideally, the results prove that the prototype meets the project design constraints both qualitatively and quantitatively.\u00a0 <em><span class=\"TextRun SCXW128568113 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW128568113 BCX0\">Qualitative<\/span><\/span><\/em><span class=\"TextRun SCXW128568113 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW128568113 BCX0\"> pertains to the quality of results; i.e., how well does the prototype work (excellently, okay, poorly, etc.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW128568113 BCX0\">)\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><em><span class=\"TextRun SCXW128568113 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW128568113 BCX0\">Quantitative<\/span><\/span><\/em><span class=\"TextRun SCXW128568113 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW128568113 BCX0\"> numerically <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW128568113 BCX0\">characterize<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW128568113 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW128568113 BCX0\"> performance in terms of accuracy, repeatability, and anything else relevant<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW128568113 BCX0\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW128568113 BCX0\">\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW128568113 BCX0\">It measures and reports actual numbers in table or graph form, analyzes those statistically (average, standard deviation, etc.), and compares them to the calculated\/predicted\/goal values<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW128568113 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Different methods of statistical analysis are appropriate for different types and quantities of data.\u00a0 Common methods are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Two-sample hypothesis testing<\/li>\n<li>ANOVA<\/li>\n<li>Regression Analysis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This <a href=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/03\/Statistical-Analysis-Methods.pptx\" rel=\"noopener\">Statistical Analysis Methods<\/a> slide deck explains the steps and examples to conduct each type of analysis.<\/p>\n<p>After the data is collected and analyzed, it should be displayed in a manner that is easy for everyone involved to interpret.\u00a0 This includes engineers, managers, and customers.\u00a0 Charts and graphs are the most preferable method of visualization, but plots and tables can also be used depending on the type of data.\u00a0 This slide deck on <a href=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/03\/Creating-Data-Summary-and-Data-Visualization.pptx\" rel=\"noopener\">Creating Data Summary and Data Visualization<\/a> provides recommendations and best practices for data display.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">If the prototype does not meet or surpass the design requirements, a new iteration of the design cycle is required.\u00a0 If performance falls just barely short, only minor revisions are necessary, so tweak the prototype to improve performance.\u00a0 If the prototype breaks during testing, or proves inaccurate, unreliable, or woefully short of the design requirements, major revisions are necessary, so go back to the drawing board, redesign, rebuild, and retest.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Below are examples of results and analysis for prototypes that neared or exceeded all design requirements:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/03\/Testing-and-Analysis-example-Robotic-Lawn-Mower.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\">Testing and Analysis Example &#8211; Robotic Lawn Mower<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/03\/Testing-and-Analysis-Example-Rubiks-Cube.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\">Testing and Analysis Example &#8211; Rubik&#8217;s Cube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/03\/Testing-and-Analysis-Example-Voice-Ctrl-Toolchest.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\">Testing and Analysis Example &#8211; Voice Ctrl Toolchest<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Activity<\/h2>\n<p>After testing your prototype according to the testing procedures your team developed in the section VI.1 activity, analyze the results using appropriate methods as described above, and catalog them in the worksheet below.\u00a0 <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW232061984 BCX0\">All design constraints can be evaluated <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW232061984 BCX0\">qualitatively, and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW232061984 BCX0\"> choose 3-5 aspects of your system\u2019s performance to evaluate quantitatively as well.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/03\/Testing-and-Analysis-Worksheet.docx\" rel=\"noopener\">Testing and Analysis Worksheet<\/a><\/p>\n<h1>VI.3) Time Studies<\/h1>\n<h2>Information<\/h2>\n<p>A time study is a cycle time analysis done for a task in order to identify minimum possible times and improve the efficiency of the process.\u00a0 Each process can be broken down into sub-tasks, videoed, and timed.\u00a0 This is done for several repetitions (sometimes with different people or machines depending on what activities are involved in the process), and the times calculated for each sub-task.\u00a0 Then areas for improvement can be identified and corrected in order to optimize overall cycle time.<\/p>\n<p>The slide deck <a href=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/03\/Time-Studies-Slides.pptx\" rel=\"noopener\">Time Studies Slides<\/a> can be used by instructors to provide an overview of time studies and a guided class activity.<\/p>\n<p>This <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=O77elB7-CYE\" rel=\"noopener\">Time and Motion Studies video<\/a> by Beginning Engineers explains the basics of conducting a time study:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Beginning Engineers Time and Motion Studies\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/O77elB7-CYE?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Their next video, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jDaa1HZQQZg\" rel=\"noopener\">Time Study Examples<\/a>, provides multiple examples of breaking down a process and conducting time studies:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"Beginning Engineers Time Study Examples\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/jDaa1HZQQZg?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2>Activity<\/h2>\n<p>Following the procedures explained above, perform a time study for your project.\u00a0 First, break your system&#8217;s process down into sub-tasks using the process flow diagram you developed in Ch. 2.\u00a0 Create a form for recording time data by trial and sub-task as shown in the examples above.\u00a0 Then test your system for multiple full cycles, while videoing.\u00a0 Re-watch the videos and note times for each sub-task, then identify areas to optimize.\u00a0 How can you make your system faster or more efficient?\u00a0 Can any superfluous motions be eliminated?\u00a0 Can any speeds be increased without sacrificing accuracy?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"","pb_short_title":"Module VI: Experimentation","pb_subtitle":"Experimentation: Testing and 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