{"id":88,"date":"2020-07-02T14:38:05","date_gmt":"2020-07-02T14:38:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/chapter\/piping-and-instrumentation-diagrams-pids\/"},"modified":"2026-03-16T13:49:24","modified_gmt":"2026-03-16T13:49:24","slug":"piping-and-instrumentation-diagrams-pids","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/chapter\/piping-and-instrumentation-diagrams-pids\/","title":{"raw":"Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&amp;IDs)","rendered":"Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&amp;IDs)"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n\nBy the end of this section, you should be able to:\n\n<strong>Understand <\/strong>piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&amp;IDs)\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Piping and Instrumentations Diagrams (P&amp;IDs)<\/h2>\nP&amp;IDs are based off of PFDs but include more specific information\n\nP&amp;IDs do not include:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Operating conditions (T,P)<\/li>\n \t<li>Stream flows<\/li>\n \t<li>Equipment locations<\/li>\n \t<li>Supports, structures, and foundations<\/li>\n \t<li>Pipe routings (lengths, fittings such as elbows, but connections above a certain size are generally shown)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<img class=\" wp-image-79 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/07\/PIDExp1-300x213.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"685\" height=\"487\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Image from <a title=\"via Wikimedia Commons\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:P%26ID.JPG\">Ub<\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\">CC BY-SA<\/a><\/p>\nA P&amp;ID often depicts one unit operation in thorough detail.\n\n<img class=\" wp-image-80 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/PIDExp-300x214.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"688\" height=\"491\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Image from <a title=\"via Wikimedia Commons\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:P%26ID.JPG\">Ub<\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\">CC BY-SA<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise: P&amp;ID Components<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<div>\n\nConsider the following diagram:\n\n<img class=\" wp-image-81 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/Example1-300x149.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"619\" height=\"307\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Image from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/jimcahill_emerson\/5454133019\/\">Jim Cahill<\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/2.0\/\">CC BY-ND 2.0<\/a><\/p>\nWhat are some components that need to be added or adjusted to turn this into a P&amp;ID?\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h3>Solution<\/h3>\n<ul>\n \t<li>Equipment details<\/li>\n \t<li>Control instrumentation details<\/li>\n \t<li>Utility exit and entrance details<\/li>\n \t<li>Piping sizing, schedule, material of construction, and insulation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n&nbsp;\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<h3>P&amp;ID Control Symbology<\/h3>\nYou will learn more about control symbols as you go through your degree. However, below we have a brief introduction to some important symbols.\n\n<img class=\" wp-image-82 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/InstrumentConn-286x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"315\">\n\nInstrument connections\n<blockquote>\n<ul>\n \t<li>Capillary: fluid flow control<\/li>\n \t<li>Pneumatic: air or gas flow control<\/li>\n \t<li>Electrical: electrical currents controls<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<img class=\" wp-image-83 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/InstrumentLoc-300x269.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"325\" height=\"291\">\n\nInstrument locations\n<blockquote>\n<ul>\n \t<li>Located in plant: generally means the instrument is near what it is measuring (local), it does not go to the control room<\/li>\n \t<li>Front panel in control room: Control rooms used to have instrument panels and would have manual controls on the front panel facing the operators, these have been replaced largely with digital (or virtual) screens which the operators can switch between different views. You could think of the main view in these digital screens as the front panel, with the most important controls or indicators shown.<\/li>\n \t<li>Back panel in control room: place for instruments that are perhaps less important or do not need to be looked at frequently. In our class we won't distinguish between these, but this is common notation you may see in P&amp;IDs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\nControl panel rooms have changed quite a bit throughout the years. Below are examples of older and newer control panels.\n\n<img class=\" wp-image-84 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/OldControlPanel-300x225.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"579\" height=\"434\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Image from <a title=\"via Wikimedia Commons\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:B_reactor_control_room_2018.jpeg\">XXBuilderXx<\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\">CC BY-SA<\/a><\/p>\n<img class=\" wp-image-85 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/NewControlPanel-300x157.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"577\" height=\"301\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Image from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/acwa\/24067231675\">PEO ACWA<\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\">CC BY 2.0<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">For the control symbology identification with the <strong>'XYY'<\/strong> format:<\/p>\n\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" style=\"height: 135px\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<th style=\"width: 25.45px;text-align: center;height: 15px\"><\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 274.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">First Letter (X)<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 198.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">Second or Third Letter (Y)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.45px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">A<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 274.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">Analysis (Composition\/Concentration)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 198.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">Alarm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.45px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">C<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 274.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">-<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 198.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">Control<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.45px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">F<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 274.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">Flowrate<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 198.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">-<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.45px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">H<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 274.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">-<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 198.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">High<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.45px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">I<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 274.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">-<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 198.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">Indicate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.45px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">L<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 274.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">Level<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 198.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">Light or Low<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.45px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">P<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 274.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">Pressure<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 198.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">-<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.45px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">T<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 274.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 198.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">Transmit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise: P&amp;ID Control<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<div>\n\nWhat information can you derive from the following control symbol?\n\n<img class=\" wp-image-86 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/Example3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"335\" height=\"195\">\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h3>Solution<\/h3>\nThis is a flow indicator and controller, with the instrument located on the front panel of the control room with an electrical connection.\n\n<\/div>\n&nbsp;\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<h3>Resources for Building PFDs and P&amp;IDs<\/h3>\n<ul>\n \t<li>Visio: available through the CHBE Parallel's Client portal, as well as the CHBE computer labs<\/li>\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/online.visual-paradigm.com\/\">Visual Paradigm Online<\/a>: includes specific process engineering equipment<\/li>\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/app.diagrams.net\/\">Draw.io<\/a><\/li>\n \t<li>AspenPLUS: you will use this in CHBE 376<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Here is a thorough table of control symbology:<\/p>\n\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: center\"><\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center\">First Letter (X)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center\">Second or Third Letter (Y)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">A<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Analysis<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Alarm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">B<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Burner Flame<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">-<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">C<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Conductivity<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Control<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">D<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Density or Specific Gravity<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">-<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">E<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Voltage<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Element<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">F<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Flowrate<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">-<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">H<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Hand (Manually Initiated)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">High<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">I<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Current<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Indicate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">J<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Power<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">-<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">K<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Time or Time Schedule<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Control Station<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">L<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Level<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Light or Low<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">M<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Moisture or Humidity<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Middle or Intermediate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">O<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">-<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Orifice<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">P<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Pressure or Vacuum<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Point<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Q<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Quantity or Event<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">-<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">R<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Radioactivity or Ratio<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Record or Print<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">S<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Speed or Frequency<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Switch<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">T<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Transmit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">V<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Viscosity<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Valve, Damper, or Louver<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">W<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Weight<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Well<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Y<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">-<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Relay or Compute<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Z<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Position<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Drive<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n&nbsp;\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise: Building a PFD<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n\nA simple system consists of two feed streams (stream 1: toluene; stream 2: benzene) that enter a heater separately and combine into 1 stream to exit. The heater uses high-pressure steam as the utility. Build a simple process flow diagram of the process described above.\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h3>Solution<\/h3>\n<img class=\" wp-image-87 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/Example2-300x152.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"588\" height=\"298\">\n\n<\/div>\n&nbsp;\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>By the end of this section, you should be able to:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Understand <\/strong>piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&amp;IDs)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Piping and Instrumentations Diagrams (P&amp;IDs)<\/h2>\n<p>P&amp;IDs are based off of PFDs but include more specific information<\/p>\n<p>P&amp;IDs do not include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Operating conditions (T,P)<\/li>\n<li>Stream flows<\/li>\n<li>Equipment locations<\/li>\n<li>Supports, structures, and foundations<\/li>\n<li>Pipe routings (lengths, fittings such as elbows, but connections above a certain size are generally shown)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-79 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/07\/PIDExp1-300x213.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"685\" height=\"487\" srcset=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/07\/PIDExp1-300x213.png 300w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/07\/PIDExp1-768x545.png 768w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/07\/PIDExp1-65x46.png 65w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/07\/PIDExp1-225x160.png 225w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/07\/PIDExp1-350x249.png 350w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/07\/PIDExp1.png 904w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 685px) 100vw, 685px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Image from <a title=\"via Wikimedia Commons\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:P%26ID.JPG\">Ub<\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\">CC BY-SA<\/a><\/p>\n<p>A P&amp;ID often depicts one unit operation in thorough detail.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-80 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/PIDExp-300x214.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"688\" height=\"491\" srcset=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/PIDExp-300x214.png 300w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/PIDExp-768x548.png 768w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/PIDExp-65x46.png 65w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/PIDExp-225x160.png 225w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/PIDExp-350x250.png 350w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/PIDExp.png 903w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 688px) 100vw, 688px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Image from <a title=\"via Wikimedia Commons\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:P%26ID.JPG\">Ub<\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\">CC BY-SA<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise: P&amp;ID Components<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<div>\n<p>Consider the following diagram:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-81 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/Example1-300x149.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"619\" height=\"307\" srcset=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/Example1-300x149.jpg 300w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/Example1-768x381.jpg 768w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/Example1-65x32.jpg 65w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/Example1-225x112.jpg 225w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/Example1-350x174.jpg 350w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/Example1.jpg 851w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 619px) 100vw, 619px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Image from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/jimcahill_emerson\/5454133019\/\">Jim Cahill<\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/2.0\/\">CC BY-ND 2.0<\/a><\/p>\n<p>What are some components that need to be added or adjusted to turn this into a P&amp;ID?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h3>Solution<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Equipment details<\/li>\n<li>Control instrumentation details<\/li>\n<li>Utility exit and entrance details<\/li>\n<li>Piping sizing, schedule, material of construction, and insulation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<h3>P&amp;ID Control Symbology<\/h3>\n<p>You will learn more about control symbols as you go through your degree. However, below we have a brief introduction to some important symbols.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-82 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/InstrumentConn-286x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"315\" srcset=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/InstrumentConn-286x300.png 286w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/InstrumentConn-65x68.png 65w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/InstrumentConn-225x236.png 225w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/InstrumentConn-350x368.png 350w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/InstrumentConn.png 380w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Instrument connections<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>Capillary: fluid flow control<\/li>\n<li>Pneumatic: air or gas flow control<\/li>\n<li>Electrical: electrical currents controls<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-83 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/InstrumentLoc-300x269.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"325\" height=\"291\" srcset=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/InstrumentLoc-300x269.png 300w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/InstrumentLoc-65x58.png 65w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/InstrumentLoc-225x202.png 225w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/InstrumentLoc-350x314.png 350w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/InstrumentLoc.png 459w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 325px) 100vw, 325px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Instrument locations<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>Located in plant: generally means the instrument is near what it is measuring (local), it does not go to the control room<\/li>\n<li>Front panel in control room: Control rooms used to have instrument panels and would have manual controls on the front panel facing the operators, these have been replaced largely with digital (or virtual) screens which the operators can switch between different views. You could think of the main view in these digital screens as the front panel, with the most important controls or indicators shown.<\/li>\n<li>Back panel in control room: place for instruments that are perhaps less important or do not need to be looked at frequently. In our class we won&#8217;t distinguish between these, but this is common notation you may see in P&amp;IDs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Control panel rooms have changed quite a bit throughout the years. Below are examples of older and newer control panels.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-84 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/OldControlPanel-300x225.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"579\" height=\"434\" srcset=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/OldControlPanel-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/OldControlPanel-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/OldControlPanel-65x49.png 65w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/OldControlPanel-225x169.png 225w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/OldControlPanel-350x263.png 350w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/OldControlPanel.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 579px) 100vw, 579px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Image from <a title=\"via Wikimedia Commons\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:B_reactor_control_room_2018.jpeg\">XXBuilderXx<\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\">CC BY-SA<\/a><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-85 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/NewControlPanel-300x157.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"577\" height=\"301\" srcset=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/NewControlPanel-300x157.png 300w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/NewControlPanel-1024x534.png 1024w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/NewControlPanel-768x401.png 768w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/NewControlPanel-65x34.png 65w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/NewControlPanel-225x117.png 225w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/NewControlPanel-350x183.png 350w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/NewControlPanel.png 1209w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 577px) 100vw, 577px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Image from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/acwa\/24067231675\">PEO ACWA<\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\">CC BY 2.0<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">For the control symbology identification with the <strong>&#8216;XYY&#8217;<\/strong> format:<\/p>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" style=\"height: 135px\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<th style=\"width: 25.45px;text-align: center;height: 15px\"><\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 274.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">First Letter (X)<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 198.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">Second or Third Letter (Y)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.45px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">A<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 274.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">Analysis (Composition\/Concentration)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 198.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">Alarm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.45px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">C<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 274.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 198.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">Control<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.45px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">F<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 274.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">Flowrate<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 198.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.45px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">H<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 274.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 198.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">High<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.45px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">I<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 274.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 198.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">Indicate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.45px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">L<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 274.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">Level<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 198.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">Light or Low<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.45px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">P<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 274.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">Pressure<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 198.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.45px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">T<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 274.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 198.25px;text-align: center;height: 15px\">Transmit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise: P&amp;ID Control<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<div>\n<p>What information can you derive from the following control symbol?<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-86 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/Example3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"335\" height=\"195\" srcset=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/Example3.png 278w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/Example3-65x38.png 65w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/Example3-225x131.png 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 335px) 100vw, 335px\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h3>Solution<\/h3>\n<p>This is a flow indicator and controller, with the instrument located on the front panel of the control room with an electrical connection.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<h3>Resources for Building PFDs and P&amp;IDs<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Visio: available through the CHBE Parallel&#8217;s Client portal, as well as the CHBE computer labs<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/online.visual-paradigm.com\/\">Visual Paradigm Online<\/a>: includes specific process engineering equipment<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/app.diagrams.net\/\">Draw.io<\/a><\/li>\n<li>AspenPLUS: you will use this in CHBE 376<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Here is a thorough table of control symbology:<\/p>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: center\"><\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center\">First Letter (X)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center\">Second or Third Letter (Y)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">A<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Analysis<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Alarm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">B<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Burner Flame<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">C<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Conductivity<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Control<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">D<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Density or Specific Gravity<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">E<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Voltage<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Element<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">F<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Flowrate<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">H<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Hand (Manually Initiated)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">High<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">I<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Current<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Indicate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">J<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Power<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">K<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Time or Time Schedule<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Control Station<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">L<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Level<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Light or Low<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">M<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Moisture or Humidity<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Middle or Intermediate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">O<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Orifice<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">P<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Pressure or Vacuum<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Point<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Q<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Quantity or Event<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">R<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Radioactivity or Ratio<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Record or Print<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">S<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Speed or Frequency<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Switch<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">T<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Transmit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">V<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Viscosity<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Valve, Damper, or Louver<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">W<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Weight<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Well<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Y<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Relay or Compute<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Z<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Position<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">Drive<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise: Building a PFD<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>A simple system consists of two feed streams (stream 1: toluene; stream 2: benzene) that enter a heater separately and combine into 1 stream to exit. The heater uses high-pressure steam as the utility. Build a simple process flow diagram of the process described above.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h3>Solution<\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-87 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/Example2-300x152.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"588\" height=\"298\" srcset=\"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/Example2-300x152.png 300w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/Example2-768x390.png 768w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/Example2-65x33.png 65w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/Example2-225x114.png 225w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/Example2-350x178.png 350w, https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/Example2.png 824w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 588px) 100vw, 588px\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-88","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":30,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/88","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/88\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":89,"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/88\/revisions\/89"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/30"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/88\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=88"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=88"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=88"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/libraryresources.nse.org.ng\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=88"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}